Differentiate Between Ucs And Wcs In Autocad

Copyright © 2004
AutoCAD 3D Training Manual ®
Written by Kristen S. Kurland
® AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
Chapter 1 Controlling Views
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Viewports
Viewports Viewports 1.1
Screen divided into three tiled viewports
-Vports Command 1.
Type
-VPORTS at the command prompt. Command: -vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: enter Enter a configuration option [Horizontal/Vertical/Above/ Below/Left/Right] : enter Regenerating model.
2.
Click
once in each vport to make it active.
3.
Type
a ZOOM option in each viewport. NOTE: AutoCAD plots only the current vport.
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Viewports
Viewports New Viewports tab of the Viewports dialog
3D Viewports 1.2
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1.
Choose
View, Viewports, New Viewports
2.
Click
the dropdown option for Setup and click 3D.
3.
Click
OK.
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Preset Views
Preset Views Preset Views 1.3 1.
Choose
View, Named Views
2.
Click
Orthographic & Isometric Views tab of the View dialog.
3.
Click
One of the following view options: Top Bottom Front Back Left Right Southwest Isometric Southeast Isometric Northeast Isometric Northwest Isometric
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4.
Click
the Set Current button
5.
Click
the OK button
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Vpoint Command
Vpoint Command Vpoint Command (Tripod) 1.4
Point in the center of the compass is the north pole
Displays a compass and tripod for defining a view rotation. The compass represents a two dimensional globe. 1.
Choose
Middle ring of the compass is the equator
View, 3D Views, Vpoint or
2.
Type
VPOINT at the command prompt.
Entire outer ring is the south pole
Command: vpoint Rotate/<-0.614,-0.614,0.500>: R (enter) Enter angle in XY plane from X axis <225>: 225 (enter) Enter angle from XY plane <30>: 15 (enter) Regenerating drawing.
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Vpoint Command
Vpoint Command
DDVpoint Command 1.6 1.
Choose
View, 3D Views, Viewpoint Preset or
2.
Type
DDVPOINT at the command prompt. Command: ddvpoint
3.
Set
a viewing angle by typing the From X axis and XY Plane angle. Angle from the X Axis
or 4.
Pick
Angle in the XY Plane
a viewing angle in the 2 graphics Left graphic = From X Axis Right graphic = In XY Plane
5.
Click
OK. Resultant viewport with new 3D view
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Vpoint Presets
Vpoint Presets Vpoint Command (Vector Option) 1.7
Resultant viewport with entered coordinates -1,-1,1
Enters coordinates at the viewpoint prompt. 1.
Choose
View, 3D Views, Vpoint or
2.
Type
VPOINT at the command prompt. Command: vpoint Rotate/42
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Moving in the Z Direction
Moving in the Z Direction Moving in the Z Direction 4.2
Original Circle Draw at Elevation Zero
Move Command To move an object in the Z direction, use the move command.
1.
Type
MOVE at the command prompt. Command: move Select objects: (pick object) 1 found Select objects: hit enter Specify base point or displacement: 0,0,0 Specify second point of displacement or : 0,0,1
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Circle Moved -2 Units in the Z Direction
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3D Point Filters
3D Point Filters 3D Point Filters 4.3
3D Point Filters
To place a point 1 inch above the back left corner of the rectangle, you can use point filters. Before issuing the point filter command, use DDPTYPE and choose a visible point style.
1.
Type
Any command asking for a 'point' at the command prompt. Command: point Point: .xy of end P1 of (need Z): 2
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Chapter 5 User Coordinate System
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Ucsicon
Ucsicon UCS icon turned ON
UCSICON 5.1 The UCS icon represents the orientation of the UCS axes and the location of the current UCS origin. It also represents the current viewing direction relative to the UCS XY plane. Mspace UCSICON
1.
Choose
Pspace UCSICON
View, Display, UCS Icon, On/Off. or
2.
Type
UCSICON at the command prompt. Command: ucsicon Enter an option [ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin] :
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ON
Displays the UCS icon.
OFF
Turns off the display of the UCSICON.
All
Affects the display of the UCSICON in all viewports.
Noorigin
Always displays the UCS at the lower left corner.
ORigin
Shows the UCS at the 0,0,0 origin of the current UCS.
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UCS icon turned OFF
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UCS Dialog Box & World UCS
UCS Dialog Box & World UCS UCS Overview 5.2
.
Manages user coordinate systems. The user coordinate system provides an alternate movable coordinate system for coordinate entry, planes of operation, and viewing. Most AutoCAD geometric editing commands are dependent on the location and orientation of the UCS. 1.
Type
Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World] : Choose
OrthoGraphic
Specifies one of the six orthographic UCSs provided with AutoCAD. These UCS settings are typically used when viewing & editing 3D models [Top/Bottom/Front/Back/Left/Right]
Previous
Restores the previously saved UCS.
Restore
Restores a saved UCS.
Save
Names and saves a UCS.
One of the following UCS options:
Delete
Removes a saved UCS definition.
New
World
Restores the World Coordinate System.
?
Lists the defined UCSs in the current drawing.
Defines a new coordinate system by one of six methods: Origin, Z Axis, 3 Point, Object, Face, View X, Y, Z Origin
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Redefines a UCS by shifting the origin or changing the Z-depth of the current UCS, leaving the orientation of its XY plane un changed.
UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs
2.
Move
Defines a new UCS by shifting the origin of the current UCS, leaving the direction of the X,Y, and Z axes unchanged.
ZAxis
Allows you to define a new origin.
3 Point
Specifies a UCS by its origin and a point on the positive X and Y axes.
Object
Lets you define a new coordinate s ystem by pointing at an entity (except a 3D polyline, polygon mesh, or viewport entity).
Face
Aligns the UCS to the selected face of a solid object.
View
Establishes a new coordinate system whose XY plane is perpen dicular to your viewing direction (i.e. parallel to your screen).
X/Y/Z
Rotates the ucs around a specified axis
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UCS Toolbar
UCSII Toolbar
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UCS Dialog Box & World UCS
UCS Dialog Box & World UCS World UCS 5.3 1.
Type
UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name: *NO NAME* Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World] (press enter) World
Returns the UCS back to the original World UCS. NOTE: This is the UCS you should use when creating Wblocks and inserting Wblocks. It is the only UCS guaranteed to be the same in all AutoCAD drawings.
Tip: To enter coordinates relative to the WCS •
Precede coordinate values with an asterisk (*). Entering @*2,0,0 specifies a point two units in the X direction of the last point entered relative to the WCS. Entering @2,0,0 specifies a point two units in the X direction of the last point entered relative to the UCS. In practice, most coordinates are entered relative to the UCS rather than the WCS.
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UCS
UCS 3 Point UCS 5.4 1.
Type
UCS at the command prompt.
Setting the UCS with the 3 Point Method
Command: ucs Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World] : n Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: 3 Specify new origin point <0,0,0>: pick origin Specify point on positive portion of X-axis <3.53,7.73,0.00>: Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY plane <2.53,8.73,0.00>:
UCS modified
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Plan View of Current UCS
Plan View and UCS 5.5 1.
Type
PLAN at the command prompt. Command: plan
UCS View 5.6 1.
Type
UCS parallel to the View Instead of the Object
UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name: *NO NAME* Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World] : n Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: vOrigin/ZAxis/3point/ OBject/View/X/Y/Z/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/:V View
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Establishes a new coordinate system whose XY plane is perpendicular to your viewing direction (i.e. parallel to your screen).
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UCS Object 5.7 1.
Type
UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name: *NO NAME* Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World] : n Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: vOrigin/ZAxis/3point/ OBject/View/X/Y/Z/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/ :OB Object
Defines a new coordinate system based on a selected 3D object. The new UCS has the same extrusion direction (positive Z axis) as that of the selected object.
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AutoCAD Help Topics for New UCS
Other New UCS Options 5.8 1.
Type
UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs Current ucs name: *NO NAME* Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World] : n Specify origin of new UCS or [ZAxis/3point/OBject/ Face/View/X/Y/Z] <0,0,0>: vOrigin/ZAxis/3point/ OBject/View/X/Y/Z/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/ :
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UCS
UCS Restoring the UCS 5.10
Saving the UCS 5.9
1.
Type
UCS at the command prompt.
Type
UCS at the command prompt. Command: ucs
Command: ucs Current ucs name: *NO NAME* Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Restore/ Save/Del/Apply/?/World] : s Enter name to save current UCS or [?]:
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1.
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Current ucs name: *NO NAME* Enter an option [New/Move/orthoGraphic/Prev/Re store/Save/Del/Apply/?/World] : r Enter name of UCS to restore or [?]: 1
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UCS Dialog Box 5.11
1.
Type
UCS Dialog Box (DDUCS)
DDUCS at the command prompt. Command: dducs
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Chapter 6 3D Orbit Commands
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3D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom Introduction to 3D Orbit Command 6.1
D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom Outside the Arcball - Moves View about an axis that extends through the center (acts like twist)
Controls Interactive 3D Viewing
1.
Type
3DORBIT at the command prompt. Command: 3dorbit OR
2.
Choose
View, 3D Orbit. The 3D Orbit Arcball appears.
3.
Click
on one of the 3D Orbit arcball locations.
Inside one of the small circles to the left/right - Rotates around the 'Y' axis through the center.
Inside the Arcball - Allows movement in any direction
Inside one of the small circles to the top/bottom - Rotates around the 'X' axis through the center.
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3D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom
D Orbit Command, Pan & Zoom
Pan and Zoom in 3D Orbit 6.2
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1.
Click
with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
2.
Choose
PAN or ZOOM from the pop-up menu.
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Projections, Shading & Visual Aids
Projections, Shading & Visual Aids
Shading 6.4 Projection Mode 6.3 1.
Click
with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
2.
Choose
Projection.
3.
Choose
Parallel or Perspective.
1.
Click
with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
2.
Choose
Shading.
3.
Choose
one of the shade options.
Parallel Displays objects so that two parallel lines in a drawing never con verge at a single point. The shapes in your drawing always remain the same and do not appear distorted when they are closer. Perspective Displays objects in perspective so that all parallel lines converge at one point. Objects appear to recede into the distance, and parts of the objects appear larger and closer to you. The shapes are some what distorted when the object is very close. This view correlates more closely to what your eye sees.
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Adjusting Camera
Adjusting Camera Camer Swivel and Distancea 6.5 Simulates the effect of turning the camera. Changes the target of the view.
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1.
Click
with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
2.
Choose
More.
3.
Choose
Swivel Camera.
4.
Choose
a location in the view to change the camera.
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Projections, Shading & Visual Aids
Projections, Shading & Visual Aids Visual Aids 6.6 3D Grid Option
1.
Click
with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
2.
Choose
Visual Aids.
3.
Choose
one of the visual aids options.
Compass Option
TIP: Use GRIDUNIT to change the spacing of the grid units.
UCS Icon
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Clipping Planes
Clipping Planes Clipping Planes 6.7
Clipping Plane Options
1.
Click
with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
2.
Choose
More.
3.
Choose
one of the clipping planes options.
NOTE: If you have clipping planes ON when you exit the 3D Orbit command, they will remain ON.
Adjusting Clipping Planes in the Clipping Plane Window
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Continuous Orbit
Continuous Orbit Continuous Orbit 6.8 1.
Click
with the right mouse button while in the 3D Orbit command.
2.
Choose
More.
3.
Choose
Continuous Orbit.
4.
Click
and drag to start the continuous 3D Motion. This movement controls the direction and speed of the orbit.
Continuous Motion (Rt Click to change options)
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Chapter 7 Dynamic View - Perspective
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Dynamic View and Perspective
Dynamic View and Perspective DView Camera Option 7.1 1.
Choose
Setting a Camera Location
View, 3D Orbit or
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects or pick objects: Select objects: enter Enter option [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: TA Specify camera location, or enter angle from XY plane, or [Toggle (angle in)] <35.2644>: pick a target loca tion Enter option [CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo]: enter Regenerating model. Note: You can also type a target location.
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Setting Camera Target with POints
Setting Camera Target with POints
Setting Camera Target with Points 7.3
Moves the camera in or out along the line of sight relative to the target. Once a perspective view is set, zooming is not allowed. Zoom functions must be done in the DVIEW command.
1.
Choose
View, 3D Dynamic View.
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt.
or
Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/ TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: PO
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Dynamic View and Perspective
Dynamic View and Perspective Setting Perspective Distance 7.4 Moves the camera in or out along the line of sight relative to the target. Once a perspective view is set, zooming is not allowed. Zoom functions must be done in the DVIEW command.
1.
Choose
Zoom to a Perspective
View, 3D Dynamic View. or
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: D New camera/target distance <1.7321>: pick Resultant Perspective View
Turning Perspective Off 7.5 1.
Choose
View, 3D Dynamic View. or
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: OFF
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Dynamic View and Perspective
Dynamic View and Perspective Zooming in Dview 7.6 1.
Choose
Resultant View of Zoomed and Panned
View, 3D Dynamic View. or
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: Z Adjust lens length <9.666mm>: pick
Panning in Dview 7.7 1.
Choose
View, 3D Dynamic View.
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt.
or
Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/:PA Displacement base point: pick Second point: pick
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Dynamic View and Perspective
Dynamic View and Perspective Clipping Objects 7.8
Resultant View of Clipped Objects
1.
Choose
View, 3D Dynamic View. or
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: CL Back/Front/: F Eye/<4.4721>: pick
Twisting Objects 7.9 1.
Choose
View, 3D Dynamic View.
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt.
or
Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: TW New view twist <0.00>: pick
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Dynamic View and Perspective
Dynamic View and Perspective
Hidden Line Removal 7.10 1.
Choose
View, 3D Dynamic View. or
2.
Type
DVIEW at the command prompt. Command: dview Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/ CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/: H
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Chapter 8 3D Model Objects
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Wire Frames
Wire Frames
Wireframes 8.1 A wireframe model is a skeletal description of a 3D object. There are no surfaces in a wireframe model; it consists only of points, lines, and curves that describe the edges of the object. With AutoCAD you can create wireframe models by positioning 2D (planar) objects anywhere in 3D space. AutoCAD also provides some 3D wireframe objects, such as 3D polylines (that can only have a CONTINUOUS linetype) and splines. Because each object that makes up a wireframe model must be independently drawn and positioned, this type of modeling can be the most time-consuming.
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Surfaces
Surfaces Surfaces 8.2 Surface modeling is more sophisticated than wireframe modeling in that it defines not only the edges of a 3D object, but also its surfaces. The AutoCAD surface modeler defines faceted surfaces using a polygonal mesh. Because the faces of the mesh are planar, the mesh can only approximate curved surfaces. With Mechanical Desktop, you can create true curved surfaces. To differentiate these two types of surfaces, AutoCAD calls faceted surfaces, meshes.
1.
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Choose
Draw, Surfaces.
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Solids
Solids Solids 8.3 Solid modeling is the easiest type of 3D modeling to use. With the AutoCAD solid modeler, you can make 3D objects by creating basic 3D shapes: boxes, cones, cylinders, spheres, wedges, and tori (donuts). You can then combine these shapes to create more complex solids by joining or subtracting them or finding their intersecting (overlapping) volume. You can also create solids by sweeping a 2D object along a path or revolving it about an axis.
NOTE: Because each modeling type uses a different method for constructing 3D models and editing methods vary in their effect on the different model types, it is recommended that you not mix modeling methods.
1.
106
Choose
Draw, Solids.
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Chapter 9 2D Solids and 3D Faces
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2D Solid and Hatch
2D Solid and Hatch 2D Solid 9.1
1.
Choose
Draw, Solids, 2D Solid. or
2.
Type
SOLID at the command prompt. Command: solid First point: P1 Second point: P2 Third point: P3 Fourth point: P4 Third point: enter
2D Hatch 9.2
1.
Choose
Draw, Hatch.
2.
Choose
the Other Predefined tab.
3.
Choose
Solid.
NOTE: 2D Solids and Hatches cannot be rendered or shaded.
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3D Faces
3D Faces 3D Face 9.3 3DFACE creates a three- or four-sided surface anywhere in 3D space. You can specify different Z coordinates for each corner point of a 3D face. 3DFACE differs from SOLID, which creates a threeor four-sided surface that is parallel to the current UCS and can be extruded.
With 3DFACE, you control which edges of a 3D face are visible, allowing accurate modeling of objects with holes. Entering i or invisible before the first point of an edge makes the edge invisible. 1.
Choose
Draw, Surfaces, 3D Face. or
2.
Type
3DFACE at the command prompt. Command: 3dface First point: pick Second point: pick Third point: pick Fourth point: pick Third point: enter
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Edges
Edges Edge 9.4 1.
Choose
Draw, Surfaces, Edge. or
2.
Type
EDGE at the command prompt. Command: edge Display/: 20 Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dome <8>: 10128Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland129SphereSphere Sphere 10.5 1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, 3D Surfaces.2.Pickthe sphere from the dialog menu. or3.TypeAI_SPHERE at the command prompt. Command: ai_sphere Specify center point of sphere: pick Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: 3 Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: 25 Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: 25130Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland131ConeCone Cone 10.6 1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, 3D Surfaces.2.Pickthe cone from the dialog menu. or3.TypeAI_CONE at the command prompt. Command: ai_cone Specify center point for base of cone: pick Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 2 Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: 5 Specify height of cone: 3 Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: enter132Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland133TorusTorus Torus 10.7 1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, 3D Surfaces.2.Pickthe torus from the dialog menu. or3.TypeAI_TORUS at the command prompt. Command: ai_torus Specify center point of torus: pick Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: 6 Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: 1 Enter number of segments around tube circumference <16>: enter Enter number of segments around torus circumference <16>: enter134Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland135DishDish Dish 10.8 1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, 3D Surfaces.2.Pickthe dish from the dialog menu. or3.TypeAI_DISH at the command prompt. Command: ai_dish Specify center point of dish: pick Specify radius of dish or [Diameter]: 3 Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dish <16>: 20 Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dish <8>: 15136Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland137MeshMesh Mesh 10.9 Creates a planar mesh whose M and N sizes determine the number of lines drawn in each direction along the mesh.1.Typeai_mesh at the command prompt. Command: ai_mesh Initializing. 3D Objects loaded. Specify first corner point of mesh: 1,1,1 Specify second corner point of mesh: 4,1,1 Specify third corner point of mesh: 4,4,2 Specify fourth corner point of mesh: 1,4,1 Enter mesh size in the M direction: 20 Enter mesh size in the N direction: 10138Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland139Chapter 11 Complex Surfaces140Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland141Surftab1 and Surftab2 VariablesRevolved Surfaces Revolved Surface 11.1 Creates a revolved surface about a selected axis.1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, Revolved Surface. or2.TypeRevsurf at the command prompt. Command: revsurf Current wire frame density: SURFTAB1=6 SURFTAB2=6 Select object to revolve: pick Select object that defines the axis of revolution: pick Specify start angle <0>: enter Specify included angle (+=ccw, -=cw) <360> enter142Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland143Suftab1 and Surftab2 11.2 Sets the number of tabulations for both directions to be generated for RULESURF and TABSURF. Also sets the mesh density in ROTATE3D the M direction for REVSURF and EDGESURF commands.1.TypeSurftab1 at the command prompt. Command: surftab1 Enter new value for SURFTAB1 <6>: 302.TypeSurftab2 at the command prompt. Command: surftab2 Enter new value for SURFTAB2 <6>: 30144Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland145Tabulated SurfacesTabulated Surfaces Tabulated Surfaces 11.3 Creates a tabulated surface from a path curve and a direction vector. Direction Vector1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, Tabulated Surfaces or2.TypeTABSURF at the command prompt. Command: tabsurf Select object for path curve: Select object for direction vector:Path for Curve146Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland147Ruled SurfaceRuled Surface Ruled Surface 11.4 Creates a ruled surface between two curves.1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, Ruled Surface or2.TypeRULESURF at the command prompt. Command: rulesurf Current wire frame density: SURFTAB1=6 Select first defining curve: P1 Select second defining curve: P2148Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland149Ruled SurfaceRuled Surface More Ruled Surface Examples 11.4150Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland151Edge SurfaceEdge Surface Edge Surface 11.5 Creates a three-dimensional polygon mesh1.ChooseDraw, Surfaces, Edge Surface or2.TypeEDGESURF at the command prompt. Command: edgesurf Current wire frame density: SURFTAB1=6 SURFTAB2=6 Select object 1 for surface edge: P1 Select object 2 for surface edge: P2 Select object 3 for surface edge: P3 Select object 4 for surface edge: P4152Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland153Chapter 12 Solids154Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland155Extrude CommandExtrude Command Lines with a Thickness of 2'Extrude 12.1Lines Extruded 2'Creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional objects. You can extrude multiple objects with EXTRUDE.1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Extrude. or2.TypeEXTRUDE at the command prompt. Command: extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: 4 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: enter156Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland157Extrude with Taper 12.21.ChooseDraw, Solids, Extrude. or2.TypeEXTRUDE at the command prompt. Command: extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: pick objects Select objects: enter Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: 3 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: 15158Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland159Extrude Curves 12.31.ChooseDraw, Solids, Extrude. or2.TypeEXTRUDE at the command prompt. Command: extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: pick curved pline Select objects: enter Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: 3 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: 0160Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland161Extrude Along a PathExtrude Along a Path Extrude Along a Path 12.4Circle Extruded Along a PathEXTRUDE also creates solids by extruding two-dimensional objects (profiles) along a specified path. 1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Extrude. or2.TypeEXTRUDE at the command prompt. Command: extrude Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: P1 Select objects: enter Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: p Select extrusion path: P2 Hidden Line Removal of Extruded Circle162Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland163Revolve CommandRevolve Command Revolve 12.5 Creates a composite region or solid by addition.1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Revolve or2.TypeREVOLVE at the command prompt. Command: revolve Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Select objects: pick profile Select objects: enter Specify start point for axis of revolution or define axis by [Object/X (axis)/Y (axis)]: o Select an object: pick axis Specify angle of revolution <360>: enter164Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland165BoxBox Box Solid 12.6Solid BoxLines with a ThicknessCreates a three-dimensional solid box.1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Box. or2.TypeBOX at the command prompt Command: box Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: pick corner Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: pick opposite corner Specify height: 2166Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland167SphereSphere Sphere 12.7 Creates a three-dimensional solid sphere.1.ChooseSphereSphere with Hidden LinesDraw, Solids, Sphere. or2.TypeSPHERE at the command prompt. Command: sphere Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Specify center of sphere <0,0,0>: pick point Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: 2168Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland169Isolines and FacetresIsolines and Facetres Isolines 12.8sphere with 4 isolinesSpecifies the number of isolines per surface on objects. Valid integer values are from 0 to 2047.1.TypeISOLINES at the command prompt. Command: ISOLINES Enter new value for ISOLINES <4>: 15sphere with 15 isolines170Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland171Isolines and FacetresIsolines and Facetres Facetres 12.9 Adjusts the smoothness of shaded and rendered objects and objects with hidden lines removed. Valid values are from 0.01 to 10.0.1.Typesphere with facetres 0.1FACETRES at the command prompt. Command: FACETRES Enter new value for FACETRES <.1000>: 5sphere with facetres 5172Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland173ConeCone Cone 12.10 Creates a three-dimensional solid cone.1.ChooseConeCone with Hidden LinesDraw, Solids, Cone. or2.TypeCONE at the command prompt. Command: cone Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: pick point Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 2 Specify height of cone or [Apex]: 4174Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland175Wedge12.11 Creates a three-dimensional solid wedge.1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Wedge. or2.TypeWEDGEat the command prompt. Command: _wedge Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: pick Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: pick Specify height: 2176Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland177TorusTorus Torus 12.12TorusTorus with Hidden LinesCreates a donut-shaped solid.1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Torus. or2.TypeTORUS at the command prompt. Command: torus Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Specify center of torus <0,0,0>: pick point Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: 6 Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: 2178Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland179Chapter 13 3D Edits180Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland1813D Rotate3D Rotate Rotate 3D 13.1Object Before RotationRotates objects about a three-dimensional axis.1.ChooseModify, 3D Operation, Rotate3D. or2.TypeROTATE3D at the command prompt. Command: rotate3D Current positive angle: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0 Select objects: pick Select objects: enter Specify first point on axis or define axis by [Object/Last/View/Xaxis/Yaxis/Zaxis/2points]: x Specify a point on the X axis <0,0,0>: pick Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: 90182Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandObject Rotated 90 degrees around x-axisCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland183AlignAlign Align 13.2 1.ChooseObjects before alignModify, 3D Operation, Align. or2.TypeALIGN at the command prompt. Command: align Select objects: pick the wedge Select objects: enter Specify first source point: P1 Specify first destination point: P2 Specify second source point: P3 Specify second destination point: P4 Specify third source point or : enter Scale objects based on alignment points? [Yes/No] : enter184Wedge Aligned to the Box ( Not Scaled)Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland185Mirror 3DMirror 3D Mirror 3D 13.3 Circle Mirrored around 3 Points1.ChooseModify, 3D Operation, Mirror 3D. or2.TypeMIRROR3D at the command prompt. Command: mirror3D Select objects: pick the circle Select objects: enter Specify first point of mirror plane (3 points) or [Object/Last/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] <3points>: P1 Specify second point on mirror plane: P2 Specify third point on mirror plane: P3 Delete source objects? [Yes/No] : enter186Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland1873D Array3D Array 3D Array (Rectangular) 13.4 Arrayed Objects in Plan View1.ChooseArrayed Objects in Front ViewModify, 3D Operation, 3D Array. or2.Type3DARRAY at the command prompt. Command: 3darray Select objects: pick the cube Select objects: enter Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] : enter Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: 3 Enter the number of columns ( ) <1>: 4 Enter the number of levels (.) <1>: 2 Specify the distance between rows (---): 5 Specify the distance between columns ( ): 4 Specify the distance between levels (.): 8188Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandArrayed Objects in 3D IsometricCopyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandArrayed Objects in 3D Viewpoint1893D Array3D Array 3D Array (Polar) 13.5 Arrayed Objects Around a Line1.ChooseArrayed Objects in Plan ViewModify, 3D Operation, 3D Array. or2.Type3DARRAY at the command prompt. Command: 3darray Select objects: pick cube Select objects: enter Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] : p Enter the number of items in the array: 5 Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: enter Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] : enter Specify center point of array: mid of axis line Specify second point on axis of rotation: pick190Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland191Chapter 14 Solid Composites192Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland193SubtractSubtract Subtract 14.1 Creates a composite region or solid by subtraction.1.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Subtract. or2.TypeSUBTRACT at the command prompt. Command: subtract SUBTRACT Select solids and regions to subtract from. Select objects: pick the box Select objects: (press enter) Select solids and regions to subtract. Select objects: pick the cylinder Select objects: enter Objects Subtracted from Box194Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland195UnionUnion Union 14.2 Creates a composite region or solid by addition.1.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Union.2.TypeUNION at the command prompt.orCommand: union Select objects: pick cylinder & box Select objects: enterSolid Objects Unioned Together196Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland197IntersectIntersect Intersect 14.3 Creates a solid based on the intersection of two existing solids.1.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Intersect or2.TypeINTERSECT at the command prompt. Command: intersect Select objects: pick cylinder and box Select objects: enterIntersection of Cylinder and Box198Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland199Chapter 15 Modifying Solid Objects200Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland201Extruding Faces, Moving & Rotating Extruding Faces 15.1 1.ChooseExtruding Faces, Moving & Rotating Select FaceModify, Solids Editing, Extrude face NOTE: Must be a solid to extrude the face.2.Choosea face to extrude. If you choose more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to deselect unwanted faces.3.PressENTER.4.Specifyheight of extrusion or [Path]: .255.Specifyangle of taper for extrusion <0>: 45Extruded Face202Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland203Tapering FacesTapering Faces Tapered Faces 15.2 Before Taper1.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Taper face2.Choosea face(s) to taper. If you choose more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to deselect unwanted faces.3.PressENTER.4.Specifythe base point: pick the back left corner5.Specifyanother point along the axis of tapering: pick point6.Specifythe taper angle: 45 Solid validation started. Solid validation completed.After Taper204Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland205DeleteDelete Delete Faces 15.32061.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Delete face2.Choosea face to delete. If you choose more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to deselect unwanted faces.3.PressENTER.4.Choosethe face to delete.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland207Copy FacesCopy Faces Copy Faces 15.42081.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Copy face2.Choosea face to copy . If you choose more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to deselect unwanted faces.3.PressENTER.4.Pickthe solid face to copy.5.Picka new location.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland209ColorColor Color Face 15.5 1.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Color face2.Choosea face to change the color of. If you choose more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to deselect unwantedfaces.2103.PressENTER.4.Choosea color to change the face to.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland211ImprintImprint Imprint 15.62121.Extrude objects (i.e. walls) to create a solid object.2.Change the UCS and draw an object on a face of one of the walls.3.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Imprint.2.Selecta 3D solid: pick solid3.Selectan object to imprint: pick circle4.Deletethe source object : yCopyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland213Extrude Imprint to Create Openings 15.72141.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Extrude Faces.2.Selectthe circle that was imprinted.3.Deselect any unwanted faces.4.Type-8 as the height of extrusion (or desired height)Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland215CleanClean Clean 15.8 Before Clean1.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Clean.2.Selecta 3D solid: pick imprinted circle.After Clean216Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland217Shell 15.9 You can create a shell or a hollow thin wall with a specified thickness from your 3D solid object. AutoCAD creates new faces by offsetting existing ones inside or outside their original positions. AutoCAD treats continuously tangent faces as single faces when offsetting.1.ChooseModify, Solids Editing, Shell. Select a 3D solid: pick Remove faces or [Undo/Add/ALL]: enter Enter the shell offset distance: .5218Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland219Chapter 16 Enhancing the Drawing Process212Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland213Creating SectionsCreating Sections Creating Sections 16.1 1.Openthe drawing called 3DBottle.DWG2.Createa layer called Section. Make it the current layer.3.ChooseDraw, Solids, Section.4.Chooseall 3 solids making up the bottle. Select objects: Specify first point on Section plane by [Object/ Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points] : ZX Specify a point on the ZX-plane <0,0,0>:quad of bottle.5.2143DRotatethe section to a flat plane.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland215Slice Command & Setting Up a 3D DrawingSlice Command & Setting Up a 3D DrawingSlice 16.2 Slices a set of solids with a plane.1.ChooseModify, Draw, Slice. or2.TypeSLICE at the command prompt. Command: slice Slice plane by Object/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/ <3points>: ZX Point on ZX plane <0,0,0>: quad of bottle Both sides/: pick the side of the bottle you want to keep.216Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland217Slice Command & Setting Up a 3D DrawingSlice Command & Setting Up a 3D DrawingCreate a SOLVIEW Viewport 16.3 1.ChooseFile, New.2.ChooseUse a Template from the startup dialog.3.Double ClickAnsi_c.dwt as the template file to start from. This create a new drawing with a border and one floating Model Space.4.Double ClickMODEL from the Status Bar. Note the change to Paper Space.5.Double ClickPAPER from the Status Bar to toggle back to Model Space.Drawing with a Model Space View218Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland219Slice Command & Setting Up a 3D DrawingSlice Command & Setting Up a 3D DrawingInsert a Drawing 1.ChooseInsert, Block.2.Choosethe drawing called 3DBOTTLE.DWG to insert.3.Insertthe block anywhere in the Model Space view at a scale of 1 and rotation 0.4.Double ClickMODEL at the Status Bar and resize the Model Space view port in Paper Space.5.Double ClickPAPER at the Status Bar to return to Model Space.6.TypeZOOM, 1XP at the command prompt.Model Space View ResizedModel Space View Scaled 1XP220Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland221Solview & SoldrawSolview & Soldraw Create an Orthogonal View 1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Setup, View. or2.TypeSOLVIEW at the command prompt. Command: solview Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section/: O Pick side of viewport to project: P1 View center: P2 Clip first corner: P3 Clip other corner: P4 View name: front Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section/:222Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland223Solview & SoldrawSolview & Soldraw Create a 2D Section with Soldraw 16.4 Generates profiles and sections in viewports created with SOLVIEW. SOLDRAW can only prepare viewports that have been created with SOLVIEW.1.ChooseDraw, Solids, Setup, Drawing. or2.TypeCommand: soldraw Select viewports to draw: P1 Select objects: 1 found Select objects: enter 3 solids selected. NOTE: If your object was an inserted block, you need to first explode it so it becomes a solid. Resultant Section and SolidSection in a Model View224Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland225Creating a 3D ViewCreating a 3D View Create a 3D View Using UCS 16.5 1.ClickMSPACE and the plan view of the 3D Bottle.2.ChooseView, 3D Viewport, SW Isometric.3.TypeUCS at the command prompt.3D Model ViewCommand: ucs Origin/ZAxis/3point/OBject/View/X/Y/Z/ Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/: view This sets the current UCS parallel to the screen. We now need to save this ucs. 4.TypeUCS at the command prompt. Command: ucscs Origin/ZAxis/3point/OBject/View/X/Y/Z/ Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/: save ?/Desired UCS name: 3dview5.ClickPSPACE at the command prompt.6.ChooseDraw, Solids, Setup, View Command: solview Ucs/Ortho/Auxiliary/Section/: u Named/World/?/: n Name of UCS to restore: 3dview Enter view scale<1.0000>: enter View center: pick View center: pick226Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland227Create Hidden Line RemovalsCreate Hidden Line Removals Create a Hidden Line View 16.6 1.Double ClickMODEL to return to Model Space.2.ChooseDraw, Solids, Setup, Profile. Resultant 3D Modelor 3.TypeSOLPROF at the command prompt. Command: solprof Select objects: pick solids Select objects: enter Display hidden profile lines on separate layer? : enter Project profile lines onto a plane? : enter Delete tangential edges? : enter 3 solids selected.228Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland229Chapter 17 Rendering230Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland231Render Command, Selection, Cropped WindowRender Command, Selection, Cropped WindowRender Command 17.1 Creates a photorealistic or realistically shaded image of a threedimensional wireframe or solid model.1.Openthe AutoCAD drawing called 3DBOTTLE.DWG.2.TypeMSPACE to go to the model space view.3.ChooseView, Render, Render. or4.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render5.Clickthe Render button.Rendered Viewport232Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland233Render Command, Selection, Cropped WindowRender Command, Selection, Cropped WindowRender a Selection 17.2 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.ClickQuery for Selection.4.ClickRender.5.Choosethe objects to render.Rendered Selection234Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland235Render Command, Selection, Cropped WindowRender Command, Selection, Cropped WindowRender a Cropped Window 17.3 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.ClickCrop Window.4.ClickRender.5.Choosea window to render.Cropped Rendered Window236Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland237Render without Dialog Box 17.4 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.ClickSkip Render Dialog.4.ClickRender.Turn Render Dialog Box On with RPREF 17.5 1.TypeRPREF at the command line. Command: rpref3.238ClickSkip Render Dialog.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland239Render DestinationsRender Destinations Render to File 17.6 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.Clickthe dropdown list under Viewport.4.ChooseFile as the destination options.Render to a File Options240Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland241Render to Render Window 17.7 1.ChooseRender WindowView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render2423.Clickthe dropdown list under Viewport.4.ChooseRender Window as the destination option.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland243Print Screen 17.8 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.PressPRINT SCREEN on the keyboard to copy your rendered image to the Window's clipboard.244Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland245Light Scale Icon and Smoothing Angle 17.9 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.ClickLight Scale Icon and Smoothing to change the values.Light Icon Scale Controls the size of the light blocks in the drawing. The value is the current scale factor (in drawing units) of rendering blocks in the drawing. Enter a real number to rescale the blocks. The scale factor affects the following blocks: OVERHEAD, DIRECT, and SH_SPOT.Smoothing Angle Sets the angle at which AutoCAD interprets an edge. The default is 45 degrees. Angles greater than 45 degrees are considered edges. Angles less than 45 degrees are smoothed. To define an edge as less than 45 degrees, reduce the smoothing angle.246Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland247Chapter 18 Materials248Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland249Materials Library, Importing, & Attaching MaterialsMaterials Library, Importing, & Attaching MaterialsMaterials Command 18.11.ChooseView, Render, Materials. or2.TypeRMAT at the command prompt. Command: rmat2503.Clickthe Materials Library.button.4.PickConcrete Tile as the material.5.Clickthe Preview button.6.Clickthe Import button.7.ClickOK.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland251Materials Library, Importing, & Attaching MaterialsMaterials Library, Importing, & Attaching MaterialsMaterials Library 18.2 1.ChooseView, Render, Materials Library. or2.TypeMATLIB at the command prompt. Command: matlib2523.Picka material from the material list.4.Clickthe Preview button and preview as a sphere or cube.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland253Materials Library, Importing, & Attaching MaterialsMaterials Library, Importing, & Attaching MaterialsApplying Materials with Attach 18.3 1.ChooseView, Render, Materials. or2.TypeRMAT at the command prompt. Command: rmat3.Clickthe Materials Library.button.4.PickGlass as the material.5.Clickthe Preview button.6.Clickthe Import button.7.ClickOK.8.Clickthe Attach button.9.PickObjects to attach materials to.10. Exitthe materials menu and render the viewport.NOTE: You need to set the rendering type to Photorealistic Rendering in order to see the materials2541.ChooseView, Render, Render2.ChoosePhotoreal as the render type.3.Renderthe viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland255Applying Materials by Layer 18.4 1.ChooseView, Render, Materials. or2.TypeRMAT at the command prompt. Command: rmat2563.ClickClick Copper as the material.4.Clickthe By Layer button.5.ClickBall as the layer to attach materials to.6.Exitthe materials menu and render the viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland257Applying Materials by Color 18.5 1.ChooseView, Render, Materials. or2.TypeRMAT at the command prompt. Command: rmat2583.ClickClick Copper as the material.4.Clickthe By Layer button.5.ClickBall as the layer to attach materials to.6.Exitthe materials menu and render the viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland259Complex Materials 18.6 1.ChooseView, Render, Materials. or2.TypeRMAT at the command prompt. Command: rmat2603.ClickClick Med. Ash Wood as the material.4.Clickthe Attach button.5.Clickthe base to attach materials to.6.Exitthe materials menu and render the viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland261Photorealistic Rendering & MappingPhotorealistic Rendering & MappingAdjusting Materials with Material Mapping 18.7 1.ChooseView, Render, Mapping2.TypeSETUV at the command prompt.orCommand: setuv2623.Pickobjects to adjust (base).4.Pressenter when finished selecting.5.Pickthe type of projection to adjust.6.Clickthe Adjust Coordinates. button.7.Adjustthe Planar coordinates as necessary.8.ClickOK.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland263New MaterialsNew Materials New Materials 18.6 1.ChooseView, Render, Materials.2.TypeRMAT at the command prompt.orCommand: rmat2643.Choosethe New.button.4.Createa new material.5.Applythe material to an object.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland265Adjusting Material Appearances 18.7 1.ChooseView, Render, Materials. or2.TypeRMAT at the command prompt. Command: rmat2663.Choosethe New.button.4.Createa new material.5.Applythe material to an object.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland267TexturesTextures Advanced Material Options 18.10 1. ChooseTools, Options.2.Choosethe Systems TAB.3.Choosethe Properties.button under the Current 3D4.Checkthe Enable Textures and Enable Materials options.5.Applya textured material such as checkers.6.Shadethe drawing to see the material result.Graphics Display.268Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland269Chapter 19 Lights270Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland271Point LightPoint Light Point Light 19.1 1.ChooseView, Render, Light. or2.TypeLIGHT at the command prompt. Command: light2723.ChoosePoint as the light type.4.Clickthe New. button.5.TypePOINT 1 as the new light name.6.ChooseModify to place the light.7.Type‘ZOOM to zoom if necessary8.Picka location (Hint: use .xy filters)9.Exitthe light menu.Light Location10. TypeZOOM PREVIOUS to zoom to the original view.11. TypeRENDER at the command prompt to render the viewport with the new lights.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland273Spot LightSpot Light Spot Light 19.2 1.ChooseView, Render, Light. or2.TypeLIGHT at the command prompt.3.Clickthe dropdown box for point light and change it to spot light.4.Clickthe New. button.5.TypeSPOT1 as the new light name.6.ClickModify.7.PickThe Target and Light Locations (Use Endpoint and Midpoint Object Snaps).8.Exitthe light menus.9.TypeRENDER at the command prompt to render the viewport with the new lights.Command: lightLight LocationLight Target274Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland275Shadows and Changing Shadow OptionsShadows and Changing Shadow OptionsSetting the Shadow Options in the Light Command 19.3 1.ChooseView, Render, Light.2.TypeLIGHT at the command prompt.orCommand: light2763.ClickS1 and the Modify.button.4.Clickthe box for Shadows On.5.ChooseShadow Options and set the shadow Map Size to 512.6.Exitthe light menus.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland277Shadows and Changing Shadow OptionsShadows and Changing Shadow OptionsChanging Shadow Options in Render Command 19.52781.TypeRENDER at the command prompt.2.ChooseMore Options under the Rendering Options dialog.3.Changethe Minimum Bias to .14.Changethe Maximum Bias to .25.ChooseMedium as the Anti-Aliasing type.6.ClickDiscard back faces to speed up the rendering processes by having AutoCAD eliminate the calculations for faces it doesn't need to render.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland279Render SmoothnessRender Smoothness Preferences 19.5 1.ChooseTools, Options. or2.TypeOPTIONS at the command prompt. Command: options2803.Choosethe Display tab.4.Setthe Rendered object smoothness to 5.5.Renderthe scene.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland281Light CommandLight CommandDistant Light 19.7 1.ChooseView, Render, Light. or2.TypeLIGHT at the command prompt. Command: light3.Clickthe dropdown box for point light and change it to distant light.4.Clickthe New. button.5.TypePROVO as the new light name.6.Choosethe Sun Angle Calculator.button.7.Choosethe Geographic Location.button.8.ChooseProvo, UTAH as the nearest big city.9.Exitthe light menus.10. Type282RENDER at the command prompt to render the viewport with the new lights.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland283Chapter 20 Scenes284Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland285Scene Command - New SceneScene Command - New Scene Scene Command 20.1 A scene represents a particular view of all or any portion of the drawing, with or without lights. 1.ChooseView, Render, Scene. or2.TypeSCENE at the command prompt.3.ChooseNew. to create a new scene.4.TypePOINT as the scene name.5.ChooseP1 as the light to include in the scene.6.ClickOK to exit the Scene dialog box.Command: sceneRender a Scene1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.ChoosePOINT as the scene to render.4.ClickRender.Modify a Scene1.ChooseView, Render, Scene. or2.Type3.ChooseSCENE at the command prompt. Command: scene286Modify.to change the lights and views in the scene. Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland287Adding a View to a Scene 20.2 1.Createa perspective view with the DVIEW command.2.TypeDDVIEW at the command prompt . This will load a dialog box with predefined saved views. Command: ddview2882.ChoosePERSPECTIVE as the saved view.3.ChooseSet Current4.ClickOK.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland289Chapter 21 Backgrounds290Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland291Solid BackgroundSolid Background Solid Background 21.1 1.ChooseView, Render, Background or2.TypeBACKGROUND at the command prompt. Command: background2923.ClickSolid as the background type.4.Renderthe viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland293Gradient Background 21.2 1.ChooseView, Render, Background or2.TypeBACKGROUND at the command prompt. Command: background2943.ClickGradient as the background type.4.Adjustthe colors as desired.5.Renderthe viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland295Image BackgroundImage Background Image Background 21.3 1.ChooseView, Render, Background or2.TypeBACKGROUND at the command prompt. Command: background2963.Clickthe Image radio button.4.ChooseFind File under the Image section.5.Choosethe C:Program FilesACAD2004 TEXTURESvalley_l.tga image file as the background.6.ClickOK.7.Renderthe viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland297Merge Background 21.4 1.ChooseView, Render, Background or2.TypeBACKGROUND at the command prompt. Command: background2983.Clickthe Merge radio button.4.Renderthe viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland299Chapter 22 Landscaping300Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland301Edit a Landscape ObjectEdit a Landscape Object Placing a New Landscape Object 22.1 1.ChooseView, Render, Landscape New. or2.TypeLSNEW at the command prompt. Command: lsnew3023.PickCactus as the landscape item.4.Clickthe Position button.5.Picka new position for the Cactus.6.Exitthe Landscape dialog box.7.TypeRender at the command prompt.8.ChoosePhoto Raytrace as the Rendering Type.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland303Editing an Existing Landscape Object 22.2 1.ChooseView, Render, Landscape Edit. or2.TypeLSEDIT at the command prompt. Command: lsedit3043.Pickthe Cactus as the landscape item to edit.4.Editthe height of the Cactus.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland305Landscape Library & Render LandscapesLandscape Library & Render LandscapesCustom Landscape Library 22.3 1.Createan image and opacity image for desired object. NOTE: Youwill need to use an external paint program to do this.2.ChooseView, Render, Landscape Library. or3.TypeLSLIB at the command prompt. Command: lslib3064.ClickNew.to create a new landscape object.5.Editthe other dialog options as desired.6.ClickOK and save the render library.7.TypeLSNEW at the command prompt to place the new image in your drawing.8.Renderthe viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland307Chapter 23 Misc. Render Commands308Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland309Raytracing 23.1 Introduction Ray Tracing is a global illumination based rendering method. It traces rays of light from the eye back through the image plane into the scene. Then the rays are tested against all objects in the scene to determine if they intersect any objects. If the ray misses all objects, then that pixel is shaded the background color. Ray tracing handles shadows, multiple specular reflections, and texture mapping in a very easy straight-forward manner. Note that ray tracing, like scan-line graphics, is a point sampling algorithm. We sample a continuous image in world coordinates by shooting one or more rays through each pixel. Like all point sampling algorithms, this leads to the potential problem of aliasing, which is manifested in computer graphics by jagged edges or other nasty visual artifacts. In ray tracing, a ray of light is traced in a backwards direction. That is, we start from the eye or camera and trace the ray through a pixel in the image plane into the scene and determine what it hits. The pixel is then set to the color values returned by the ray. www.siggraph.org/education/ materials/HyperGraph/raytrace/rtrace0.htm1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.310ChoosePhotoRaytrace as the render type.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland311Raytracing & Subsampling OptionsRaytracing & Subsampling OptionsSet Antialiasing 23.2 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3123.ChooseMore Options.under Rendering Options.4.ChooseHigh as the Anti-Aliasing method.5.ClickOK.6.Renderthe viewport.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland313Adaptive Sampling 23.3 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.314ChooseMore Options.under Rendering Options.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland315Raytracing & Subsampling OptionsRaytracing & Subsampling OptionsRay Tree Depth 23.4 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.316ChooseMore Options.under Rendering Options.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland317Raytracing & Subsampling OptionsRaytracing & Subsampling OptionsChange Subsampling Options 23.5 1.ChooseView, Render, Render. or2.TypeRENDER at the command prompt. Command: render3.Choosethe Sub-sampling dropdown list.4.Choose3:15.ClickOK.6.Renderthe viewport.Rendered Bottle with Sub-Sampling 3:1318Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland319Fog & Render PreferencesFog & Render Preferences Fog 23.6 Provides visual cues for the apparent distance of objects.1.ChooseView, Render, Fog or2.TypeFOG at the command prompt. Command: fog3203.ClickEnable Fog to turn FOG on.4.Editthe remaining dialog options as desired.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland321Render StatisticsRender Statistics Render Statistics 23.6 Provides visual cues for the apparent distance of objects.1.ChooseView, Render, Statistics or2.TypeSTATS at the command prompt. Command: stats3.322Savethe statistics to a file or choose OK to exit.Copyright © 2004 - Kristen KurlandCopyright © 2004 - Kristen Kurland323Sign In Login with FacebookOur partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. Agree & close